High-Speed Train Connecting Valencia and Madrid from RENFE and Avlo. Launching on 21 February, ticket sales are to start as soon as 20 January. Daniel Hazelhoff reports…
AVLO rolls into Valencia on 21 February, saving potentially millions of commuters substantial amounts on their commute costs. AVLO is a low-cost rail service from RENFE, and the high-speed rail will be connecting Valencia and Madrid. The initial start date, previously reported by Valencia Life, was set for sometime around spring 2022. So the update comes as very welcome news for commuters. Valencia and Madrid connections will finally have a more affordable high-speed railway connection. Tickets start at €7. However, tickets may cost up to €65 at peak times and include comfort add-ons.
Connections will run regularly, with six per day, creating fluid access from Valencia to Madrid. These six connections supply a grand total of 2,200 possible commuters a day. The trains use a one-class system, so no luxurious first-class amenities will be on offer. Commuters can buy add-ons to increase their comforts, such as extra space, seating choice, and additional luggage. The basic ticket includes one suitcase and one item of handheld luggage. Access to ticket changes and cancellations seem to be an add-on purchase.
Children under 14 years will have a base ticket of €5, as long as an adult ticket is purchased alongside it, with a maximum of two adult tickets per child. Large families can benefit from a 20% discount, and a 50% discount for large families that fit under the ‘special’ category, meaning five children or more.
Low-cost high-speed train connecting Valencia and Madrid
Four of the six trains will call at Cuenca Fernando Zóbel and Requena-Utiel. The first train departs from Valencia at 09.28, the second at 16.15, and the third at 21.10. From Madrid, the first train departs at 06.30, the second at 12.40 and the final departure leaves at 18.40. All in addition to the 30 already provided by AVE. The quickest connection takes 1 hour and 35 minutes, according to mitma.gob.es.
Avlo will connect Valencia and Madrid with the highest standard of sanitation and health safety certifications. Health and safety protocols certified by AENOR and SGS will make sure all aspects of cleanliness, disinfection, and COVID safety regulations are in place. This double certification guarantees Avlo and Ave commuters a safe and clean travel environment, according to Las Provincias.
Commuters have long awaited affordable and accessible high-speed commutes from Valencia to Madrid. According to Europa Press, 2021 saw 1.4 million commutes between Valencia and Madrid. The demand is clearly there, and this opportunity provides a platform for those commuters to have easier, more affordable access to the connection.
The pandemic has slowed down travel, and it has affected almost every industry under the sun. What it hasn’t affected is society’s need for work, and therefore, travel. Hope is on the horizon and high-speed low-cost train lines are here to meet that demand. This new one will connect Valencia and Madrid. It is not yet clear whether other routes will follow, such as to Barcelona. But watch this space for updates.
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Aromatase Inhibitors in Men: Effects and Treatment Options
Aromatase Inhibitors in Men: Effects and Therapeutic Options
Written by Willem de Ronde and Frank H de Jong
Abstract
Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are drugs that block the enzyme
aromatase, which converts testosterone into estrogen.
While initially developed for use in women, AIs are now being explored
for their potential benefits in men. This article discusses the effects of AIs on hormone
levels, metabolism, and various therapeutic applications in men.
Background
Estrogens play a crucial role in male physiology, particularly in bone health, brain function, and metabolic regulation. Aromatase is responsible for the conversion of testosterone to estrogen, and its activity varies significantly among individuals.
Metabolism of estrogens in men
In men, aromatase produces estradiol, which
is essential for maintaining metabolic and bone health.
Dysregulation of aromatase can lead to conditions such as osteoporosis or obesity.
Phenotype of aromatase deficiency and excess
Aromatase deficiency is rare but can result in hypogonadism, while excess activity may contribute to estrogen-related conditions such as
breast cancer.
Aromatase inhibitors
Aromatase inhibitors are drugs that block the enzyme’s activity, thereby reducing estrogen levels.
They have shown promise in treating hormone-sensitive cancers and metabolic
disorders.
Effects of aromatase inhibition on luteinizing hormone release
and testosterone production
Aromatase inhibitors can increase luteinizing hormone (LH) levels, which may enhance
testosterone production.
Effects of aromatase inhibition in obese men
In obese individuals, AIs may improve metabolic markers and reduce visceral
fat.
Effects of aromatase inhibition on release of follicle-stimulating hormone and spermatogenesis
Aromatase inhibitors may impact spermatogenesis, with potential effects on fertility.
Effects of aromatase inhibition on bone metabolism and epiphysial closure
AIs may influence bone health, with potential benefits
for conditions like osteoporosis.
Effects of aromatase inhibition on male breast
The impact of AIs on male breast health is
an area of ongoing research.
Safety and concerns for aromatase inhibitors in men
Aromatase inhibitors may cause side effects such as hot flashes,
bone loss, and cardiovascular risks.
Conclusion
Aromatase inhibitors hold promise for treating various conditions in men but require further research
to fully understand their benefits and risks.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
Willem de Ronde and Frank H de Jong contributed to the article’s concept and writing.
Contributor Information
Both authors are researchers in the field of endocrinology.
References
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